The following table provides a chronological accounting of international scholarship on 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus from 1970 to the present (and future!). For each year, the first column mainly includes all scholarly monographs focusing on one or more of the Pastorals. Additionally, we have noted the occasional scholarly journal issue that focuses entirely on the Pastorals, as well as unpublished dissertations of scholars connected with Pastorals commentaries or a significant amount of literature on the letters. The second column lists commentaries, and especially for those in English, we have focused on semi-technical and technical works.
| 1970 | Karris, “The Function and Sitz im Leben of the Paraenetic Elements in the Pastoral Epistles” (diss.) | Moellering, PE (ConcC) |
| 1971 | ||
| 1972 | Ricerche Bibliche e Religiose 7.2–3 | Des Places, 1 Tim [French] Dibelius & Conzelmann (Herm) |
| 1973 | Stott, 2 Tim (BST) | |
| 1974 | Ward, PE | |
| 1975 | Bürki, 1 Tim, 2 Tim (Wuppertaler Studienbibel) | |
| 1976 | De Lestapis, L’énigme des Pastorales de Saint Paul Metzger, Die letzte Reise des Apostels Paulus: Beobachtungen und Erwägungen zu seinem Itinerar nach den Pastoralbriefen (AzTh) | Berg, 1 Tim (Zicht op de Bijbel) Houlden, PE (Penguin NT Comm.) |
| 1977 | Blight, A Literary‐Semantic Analysis of Paul’s First Discourse to Timothy Stenger, Der Christushymnus 1 Tim. 3,16. Eine Strukturanalytische Untersuchung (RST) | Barsotti, 2 Tim (Parola di Dio) Berg, 2 Tim (Zicht op de Bijbel) Groenewald, PE [Dutch] |
| 1978 | Trummer, Die Paulustradition der Pastoralbriefe (BBET) | Hasler, PE (ZBK) |
| 1979 | Knight, The Faithful Sayings in the Pastoral Epistles (Baker Biblical Monographs) Von Lips, Glaube—Gemeinde—Amt: Zum Verständnis der Ordination in den Pastoralbriefen (FRLANT) Metzger, Der Christushymnus 1. Timotheus 3,16: Fragment einer Homologie der paulinischen Gemeinden (AzTh) Wilson, Luke and the Pastoral Epistles | Karris, PE (NTM) |
| 1980 | ||
| 1981 | Van Bruggen, Die geschichtliche Einordnung der Pastoralbriefe Smith & Beekman, A Literary‐Semantic Analysis of Second Timothy | Jeremias, PE (12th ed.; NTD) |
| 1982 | Sell, The Knowledge of the Truth—Two Doctrines: The Book of Thomas the Contender (CG II,7) and the False Teachers in the Pastoral Epistles (European University Studies) | Hanson, PE (NCBC) |
| 1983 | Bratcher, A Translator’s Guide to Paul’s Letters to Timothy and to Titus MacDonald, The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon Verner, The Household of God: The Social World of the Pastoral Epistles (SBLDS) Ruppi, ed. Timoteo e le sue Lettere: atti del convegno di Termoli Schwarz, Bürgerliches Christentum im Neuen Testament? Eine Studie zu Ethik, Amt und Recht in den Pastoralbriefen (OBS) | Schlatter, PE (3rd ed.) |
| 1984 | Duvekot, PE [Dutch] Fee, PE (NIBC) Hultgren, PE (Augsburg Comm. NT) | |
| 1985 | Marcheselli‐Casale, Chiese in fermento. Le due lettere a Timòteo. La Lettera a Tito | |
| 1986 | Donelson, Pseudepigraphy and Ethical Arguments in the Pastorals (HUT) Fiore, The Function of Personal Example in the Socratic and Pastoral Epistles (AnBib) | Borse, PE (SKKNT) Fabris, PE (Leggere oggi la Bibbia) |
| 1987 | Banker, A Semantic Structural Analysis of Titus | Johnson, PE (Knox Pr. Guides) |
| 1988 | MacDonald, The Pauline Churches: A Socio‐Historical Study of Institutionalism in the Pauline and Deutero‐Pauline Writings (SNTSMS) Wolter, Die Pastoralbriefe als Paulustradition (FRLANT) Schenk, “Die Briefe an Timotheus I und II und an Titus (Pastoralbriefe) in der neueren Forschung (1945–1985)” (ANRW) | Roloff, 1 Tim (EKKNT) |
| 1989 | Greenlee, An Exegetical Summary of Titus and Philemon Prior, Paul the Letter‐Writer and the Second Letter to Timothy (JSNTSS) Thurston, The Widows: A Women’s Ministry in the Early Church Towner, The Goal of Our Instruction: The Structure of Theology and Ethics in the Pastoral Epistles (JSNTSS) | Brox, PE (RNT) Oden, PE (Interpretation) |
| 1990 | Kidd, Wealth and Beneficence in the Pastoral Epistles: A “Bourgeois” Form of Early Christianity? (SBLDS) Schlarb, Die gesunde Lehre: Häresie und Wahrheit im Spiegel der Pastoralbriefe | Cothenet, PE (Cahiers Évangile) Guthrie, PE (2nd ed; TNTC) Knoch, PE (NEchtB) Quinn, Titus (AB) Tsuchiya, PE [Japanese] |
| 1991 | Gritz, Paul, Women Teachers, and the Mother Goddess at Ephesus: A Study of 1 Timothy 2:9–15 | Merkel, PE (NTD) |
| 1992 | Couser, “God and Christian Existence in 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus” (diss.) Kroeger & Kroeger, I Suffer Not a Woman: Rethinking 1 Timothy 2:12 in Light of Ancient Evidence Minor, An Exegetical Summary of 2 Timothy | Von Balthasar, PE (2nd ed.) Holtz, PE (THKNT) Knight, PE (NIGTC) Lea & Griffin, PE (NAC) Ramos, PE (Commentario Biblico Hispanoamericano) |
| 1993 | ||
| 1994 | Redalié, Paul après Paul: Le temps, le salut, la morale selon les épîtres à Timothée et à Tite Wagener, Die Ordnung des “Hauses Gottes”: Der Ort von Frauen in der Ekklesiologie und Ethik des Pastoralbriefe (WUNT) Weiser, Die gesellschaftliche Verantwortung der Christen nach den Pastoralbriefen Young, The Theology of the Pastoral Letters (NTT) | Gander, PE (French) Moss, PE (College Press NIV Comm) Oberlinner, 1 Tim (HTKNT) Towner, PE (IVPNTC) |
| 1995 | Köstenberger, Schreiner, & Baldwin, eds. Women in the Church: A Fresh Analysis of 1 Timothy 2:9–15 | Arichea & Hatton, PE (UBS Handbk) Galitis, Titus [Italian] Marcheselli‐Casale, PE (Sdoc) Oberlinner, 2 Tim (HTKNT) |
| 1996 | Heckert, Discourse Function of Conjoiners in the Pastoral Epistles Läger, Die Christologie der Pastoralbriefe (Hamburger Theologische Studien) Lau, Manifest in Flesh: The Epiphany Christology of the Pastoral Epistles (WUNT) | Bassler, PE (ANTC) Cheung, PE [Chinese] Davies, PE (Epworth) Donelson, PE (Westminster) Johnson, PE (NT in Context) Oberlinner, Titus (HTKNT) Stott, 1 Tim & Titus (BST) |
| 1997 | Martin, Pauli Testamentum: 2 Timothy and the Last Words of Moses (TGST) Miller, The Pastoral Letters as Composite Documents (SNTSMS) Stasiak, Eschatologia w listach pasterskich | Ravasi, PE (Conversazioni bibliche) |
| 1998 | De Virgilio, ed. Il deposito della fede: Timoteo e Tito (RivBSup) Harding, Tradition and Rhetoric in the Pastoral Epistles (StBL) Hutson, “My True Child: The Rhetoric of Youth in the Pastoral Epistles” (diss.) Stettler, Die Christologie der Pastoralbriefe (WUNT) | |
| 1999 | Graas van der Laan, La moral cristiana en las Cartas Pastorales de San Pablo Horizons in Biblical Theology 21.2 Kettenbach, Die gesunde Lehre und die Drogenabhängigkeit. Eine Studie zum Titusbrief (Europäische Hochschulschriften) Looks, Das Anvertraute bewahren. Die Rezeption der Pastoralbriefe im 2. Jahrhundert (Münchner Theologische Beiträge) | Liefeld, PE (NIVAC) Marshall with Towner, PE (ICC) |
| 2000 | De Grisantis, La donna nella Chiesa: Il problema e la storia della interpretazione di 1 Timoteo 2,11–15 Den Dulk, Een huis naast de synagoge: herlezing van de Brief aan Timoteüs met het oog op de gemeente Häfner, “Nützlich zur Belehrung” (2 Tim 3,16). Die Rolle der Schrift in den Pastoralbriefen im Rahmen der Paulusrezeption (Herders Biblische Studien) Holmes, Text in a Whirlwind: A Critique of Four Exegetical Devices at 1 Timothy 2.9–15 (JSNTSS) Mills, Pastoral Epistles (Bibliographies for Biblical Research) Smith, “Bible Translation and Relevance Theory: The Translation of Titus” (diss.) | Dunn, PE (NIB) Gorday, PE (ACCS‐NT) Mounce, PE (WBC) Quinn & Wacker, 1‐2 Tim (ECC) |
| 2001 | Burt, Adornando la doctrina de Dios: Tito 2:1‒3:15 Harding, What Are They Saying about the Pastoral Epistles? (WATSA) | Johnson, 1‐2 Tim (AB) |
| 2002 | Richards, Difference and Distance in Post‐Pauline Christianity: An Epistolary Analysis of the Pastorals (StBL) Ströher, Caminhos de resistência nas fronteiras do poder normativo: Uma leitura feminista das Cartas Pastorais | Collins, PE (NTL) Verhoef, PE (Tekst en Toelichting) |
| 2003 | Fuchs, Unerwartete Unterschiede. Müssen wir unsere Ansichten über “die” Pastoralbriefe revidieren? Levine & Blickenstaff, eds., A Feminist Companion to the Deutero-Pauline Epistles Merkle, The Elder and Overseer: One Office in the Early Church Midwestern Journal of Theology 2.1 Winter, Roman Wives, Roman Widows: The Appearance of New Women and the Pauline Communities | Schembri, PE [Maltese] Weiser, 2 Tim (EKKNT) |
| 2004 | Merz, Die fiktive Selbstauslegung des Paulus: Intertextuelle Studien zur Intention und Rezeption der Pastoralbriefe (NTOA/SUNT) Nayak, The Mystery of Christian Life: The Christ‐Hymn of 1 Tim 3,16 Pietersen, The Polemic of the Pastorals (JSNTSS) Ἡ πνευματική παρακαταθήκη τοῦ Ἀποστόλου Παύλου. Ποιμαντικές Ἐπιστολές [The Spiritual Depository of Paul the Apostle: Pastoral Epistles]. Εἰσηγήσεις ΙΑ´ Συνάξεως Ὀρθοδόξων Βιβλικῶν Θεολόγων Támez, Luchas de poder en los orígenes del cristianismo: Un estudio de la primera carta a Timoteo (Presencia teológica) Trebilco, The Early Christians in Ephesus from Paul to Ignatius (WUNT) Van Neste, Cohesion and Structure in the Pastoral Epistles (JSNTSS) | Krause, 1 Tim (Readings) Neudorfer, 1 Tim (HTA) Wright, PE (Paul for Everyone) |
| 2005 | Köstenberger & Schreiner, Women in the Church: An Analysis and Application of 1 Timothy 2:9–15 (2nd ed.) Stepp, Leadership Succession in the World of the Pauline Circle | Iovino, PE (Libri Biblici, NT) |
| 2006 | Smith, Timothy’s Task, Paul’s Prospect: A New Reading of 2 Timothy Wieland, The Significance of Salvation: A Study of Salvation Language in the Pastoral Epistles (PBM) | Keegan, PE (New Collegeville) Langkammer, PE (Biblia Lubelska) Towner, PE (NICNT) Trebilco & Rae, 1 Tim (ABC) Witherington, PE (SRC) |
| 2007 | Amici, “Tutto ciò che Dio ha creato è buono” (1Tm 4,4). Il rapporto con le realtà terrene nelle Lettere pastorali (RivBSup) Theologische Quartalschrift 187.4 | Fiore, PE (SP) Orsatti, PE (Dabar–Logos–Parola) |
| 2008 | Aageson, Paul, the Pastoral Epistles, and the Early Church Clarke, A Pauline Theology of Church Leadership (LNTS) Donfried, ed., 1 Timothy Reconsidered (COP) Gill, Jesus as Mediator: Politics and Polemic in 1 Timothy 2:1–7 Malina, Timothy, Paul’s Closest Associate Weidemann/Eisele, Ein Meisterschüler: Titus und sein Brief (Stuttgarter Bibelstudien) | Bénétreau, PE (Commentaires Évangeliques de la Bible) Gloer & Stepp, PE Montague, PE (CCSS) Saarinen, PE (Brazos) |
| 2009 | Blight, An Exegetical Summary of 1 Timothy Casalini, Parole alla Chiesa. La tradizione Paolina nelle Lettere Pastorali Elengabeka, L’exploitation des Ecritures: L’intertextualité scripturaire dans les Epîtres Pastorales (Publications Universitaires Européennes) Glaser, Paulus als Briefroman erzählt: Studien zum antiken Briefroman und seiner christlichen Rezeption in den Pastoralbriefen (NTOA/SUNT) Kartzow, Gossip and Gender: Othering of Speech in the Pastoral Epistles (BZNW) Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ: An Exegetical and Theological Study of Paul’s Letters Tellbe, Christ-Believers in Ephesus: A Textual Analysis of Early Christian Identity Formation in a Local Perspective (WUNT) Yarbrough, Paul’s Utilization of Preformed Traditions in 1 Timothy | Belleville & Laansma, PE (CBC) Cipriani, PE (4th ed., Nuovissima versione della bibbia dai testi originali) Gourgues, PE (CbNT) Ngewa, PE (AfricaBC) Trebilco, Caradus, and Rae, 2Tim/Titus (AsiaBC) Twomey, PE (BBC) Van Houwelingen, PE |
| 2010 | Adamczewski, Heirs of the Reunited Church: The History of the Pauline Mission in Paul’s Letters, in the So‐Called Pastoral Letters, and in the Pseudo‐Titus Narrative of Acts Köstenberger/Wilder, Entrusted with the Gospel: Paul’s Theology in the Pastoral Epistles Lumière & Vie 59 Marcheselli‐Casale, Le Lettere pastorali raccontano: la loro storia, la loro composizione, il loro messaggio Mutschler, Glaube in den Pastoralbriefen: Pistis als Mitte christlicher Existenz (WUNT) Von Lips, Timotheus und Titus: Unterwegs für Paulus (Biblische Gestalten) | Gloer, PE (S&H) Zehr, PE (BCBC) |
| 2011 | Barentsen, Emerging Leadership in the Pauline Mission: A Social Identity Perspective on Local Leadership Development in Corinth and Ephesus (PTMS) Genade, Persuading the Cretans: A Text‐Generated Persuasion Analysis of the Letter to Titus | Pellegrino, 1 Tim (Nuova versione della Bibbia dai antichi) Manes, Titus (Nuova versione della Bibbia antichi) |
| 2012 | Brown, An Historian Looks at 1 Timothy 2:11‐14: The Authentic Traditional Interpretation and Why It Disappeared Engelmann, Unzertrennliche Drillinge? Motivsemantische Untersuchungen zum literarischen Verhältnis der Pastoralbriefe (BZNW) Jeon, To Exhort and Reprove: Audience Response to the Chiastic Structures of Paul’s Letter to Titus Luttenberger, Prophetenmantel oder Bücherfutteral? Die persönlichen Notizen in den Pastoralbriefen im Licht antiker Epistolographie und literarischer Pseudepigraphie (ABG) Parole di vita 57.4–6 Robinson & Wall, Called to Lead: Paul’s Letters to Timothy for a New Day Smith, Pauline Communities as “Scholastic Communities”: A Study of the Vocabulary of “Teaching” in 1 Corinthians, 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus (WUNT) | Neudorfer, 1 Tim (2nd ed.; HTA) Neudorfer, Titus (HTA) Simpson, PE (ICNT) Vouga, 2 Tim (Au fil des Écritures) Wall & Steele, PE (THNTC) |
| 2013 | Huizenga, Moral Education for Women in the Pastoral and Pythagorean Letters: Philosophers of the Household (NovTSup) Klinker‐De Klerck, Herderlijke regel of inburgeringscursus? Een bijdrage aan het onderzoek naar de ethische richtlijnen in 1 Timoteüs en Titus Krumbiegel, Erziehung in den Pastoralbriefen: Ein Konzept zur Konsolidierung der Gemeinden (ABG) Maier, Picturing Paul in Empire: Imperial Image, Text and Persuasion in Colossians, Ephesians and the PE Villalobos Mendoza, Cristianos de la segunda generación: Las Epístolas Pastorales desde el otro lado Zamfir, Men and Women in the Household of God: A Contextual Approach to Roles and Ministries in the PE (NTOA/SUNT) | Malina & Pilch, PE (SSC) Spencer, 1 Tim (NCCS) |
| 2014 | Early Christianity 5.1 Hubner, A Case for Female Deacons Rambiert‐Kwasniewska, “Walcz w dobrych zawodach o wiarę” (1 Tm 6, 12a). Relektura metaforyki agonistycznej w listach Proto‐ i Deuteropawłowych Stout, Preach the Word: A Pauline Theology of Preaching Based on 2 Timothy 4:1–5 Swinson, What Is Scripture? Paul’s Use of Graphe in the Letters to Timothy Villalobos Mendoza, When Men Were Not Men: Masculinity and Otherness in the Pastoral Epistles | Spencer, 2 Tim & Titus (NCCS) |
| 2015 | Annali di storia dell’esegesi 32.2 Hoag, Wealth in Ancient Ephesus and the First Letter to Timothy (BBRSup) Wilk, Charakterystyka i zadania przełożonego wspólnoty chrześcijańskiej według Listów Pasterskich | |
| 2016 | Brannan, Lexical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles: First Timothy Brannan, Second Timothy: Notes on Grammar, Syntax, and Structure Köstenberger & Schreiner, eds. Women in the Church: An Interpretation and Application of 1 Timothy 2:9–15, 3rd ed. Theobald, Israel‐Vergessenheit in den Pastoralbriefen (Stuttgarter Bibelstudien) Thiessen with Fuchs, Die umstrittenen Paulusbriefe—Abschriften und Fälschungen? (Studien zu Theologie und Bibel) Thornton, Hostility in the House of God: An Investigation of the Opponents in 1 and 2 Timothy (BBRSup) | Ackerman, PE (NBBC) Huizenga, PE (Wisdom) Long, PE (Belief) Smith, 2 Tim (Readings) |
| 2017 | Hoklotubbe, Civilized Piety: The Rhetoric of Piety in the PE and the Roman Empire Külling, Mann und Frau, Eltern und Kindern als Bewohner ihres Hauses in den Pastoralbriefen Perkins, The Pastoral Letters: A Handbook on the Greek Text (BHGNT) Sirilla, The Ideal Bishop: Aquinas’s Commentaries on the Pastoral Epistles Southeastern Theological Review 7.2 | Jeon, 1 Tim Köstenberger, PE (BTCP) Neudorfer, 2 Tim (HTA) De Virgilio, PE (Nuovo Testamento: Commento esegetico e spirituale) |
| 2018 | Bieringer, ed., 2 Timothy and Titus Reconsidered (COP) Joshua, Benefaction and Patronage in Leadership: A Socio‐Historical Exegesis of the PE Müller, Paulus’ Gefangenschaften das Ende der Apostelgeschichte und die Pastoralbriefe Van Nes, Pauline Language and the PE: A Study of Linguistic Variation in the Corpus Paulinum (LBS) De Virgilio, Ravviva il dono di Dio: Una lettura vocazionale di 2Tm 1,1‐18 | Haręzga, PE (Nowy Komentarz Biblijny) Wilk, PE (Biblia Impulsy, NT) Yarbrough, PE (PNTC) |
| 2019 | Baumert & Seewann, Hirte der Hirten: Übersetzung und Auslegung der Briefe an Timotheus (1 und 2) und an Titus (Paulus neu gelesen) Gatiss & Green, 1–2 Thessalonians, 1–2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon (Reformation Comm.) Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters 9:1–2 | Bray, PE (ITC) Gatiss & Green, PE (RCS-NT) Hutson, PE (Paideia) |
| 2020 | Beck, Witwen und Bibel in Tansania: Eine leserinnenorientierte Lektüre von 1 Tim 5,3–16 (BIAS) Kidson, Persuading Shipwrecked Men: Rhetorical Strategies in 1 Timothy (WUNT) | Jeon, 2 Tim |
| 2021 | Manomi, Virtue Ethics in the Letter to Titus: An Interdisciplinary Study (WUNT) Majtán,La crescita nella responsabilità di Timoteo: Storicità ed esemplarità di Timoteo Roberts, The Pastoral Epistles and the New Perspective on Paul | Brown, 2 Tim (Lectio Continua) Gourgues, PE (La Bible en ses traditions) Kuruvilla, PE (Theo. Comm. for Preachers) |
| 2022 | Herzer, Die Pastoralbriefe und das Vermächtnis des Paulus: Studien zu den Briefen an Timotheus und Titus (WUNT) Percival, “The Plan of Salvation in the Letters to Timothy and Titus” (diss.) Stubbersfield, Women in Ministry: Paul’s Advice to Timothy in Its Historical Setting Waters, Women, Salvation, and Childbearing: The Mystery of 1 Timothy 2:11–15 Wright, Integration: A Conversation between Theological Education and the Letters to Timothy and Titus (ICETES) Zimmermann and Manomi, eds., “Ready for Every Good Work” (Titus 3:1): Implicit Ethics in the Letter to Titus (WUNT) | Kay & Moxon, PE (Pentecostal NT Comm.) Padilla, PE (TNTC) Veit-Engelmann, PE (BNT) |
| 2023 | Bibel und Kirche 78.2 Bulundwe, 2 Timothée dans le corpus paulinien. Analyse mémorielle (WUNT) Glahn, Nobody’s Mother: Artemis of the Ephesians in Antiquity and the New Testament Langford, Diagnosing Deviance: Pathology and Polemic in the Pastoral Epistles (WUNT) | McKnight, PE (NCBC) Pao, PE (BEC) Porter, PE Trebilco, Rae, & Vistar, 1 Tim (AsiaBC) Tsuji, PE [Japanese] |
| 2024 | LaFosse, Honouring Age: The Social Dynamics of Age Structure in 1 Timothy (Studies in Christianity and Judaism) Robertson, Reading the Letter to Titus in Light of Crete: Dynamics of Early Christian Identity (CAEC) | Gourgues, PE (Mon ABC de la Bible) |
| Forth‐ coming | Allen, Reading the Cretan Quotation of Titus 1:12 in Light of Relevance Theory (ESEC) Gathergood, The Midwifery of God Janßen, Corpus Pastorale catholicum – Studien zu Intention und Komposition der Pastoralbriefe (WUNT) Peppiatt, 1–2 Timothy, Titus (Word Biblical Themes) Smith, The Appearing of God Our Savior: A Theology of the Letters to Timothy and Titus Van Neste, Pastorals volume in Exegetical Guide to the Greek NT series | Beale and Beetham, PE (ZECNT) Fitzgerald, PE (Herm) Gordley, PE (God’s World Comm.) Gupta, PE (Reading the NT, 2nd sr.) Haraguchi, PE (Novum Testamentum Japonicum) Herzer, PE (THKNT) Hoklotubbe, PE (NIGTC) Krauter (HNT) MacLean, Titus/Phm (Lectio Continua) Nel, PE (Story of God Bible Comm.) Percival, 1 Tim (Hodder) Piscuc, 2 Tim (CEEC) Smith, Titus (Hodder) Stanley, PE (EEC) Theobald, Titus (EKKNT) Van Neste, PE (NT Discourse Analy. Comm.) Wilder, PE (Mentor) |